Anti-inflammatory therapy with nebulised dornase alfa for severe COVID-19 pneumonia

Background Cell-free (cf)-DNA, from cellular sources, including Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), is found in the circulation of COVID-19 patients and may contribute to immune dysregulation. This study determined whether pulmonary administration of the endonuclease, dornase alfa, reduced systemic inflammation by degrading local and systemic cf-DNA. Methods Eligible patients were randomized (3:1) to receive twice-daily nebulised dornase alfa in addition to best available care (BAC) or BAC alone for seven days or until discharge. A 2:1 ratio of matched contemporary controls (CC-BAC) provided additional comparators. The primary endpoint was improvement in C-reactive protein (CRP) over time, analysed using a repeated-measures mixed model, adjusted for baseline factors. Results Between June 2020-October 2021 we recruited 39 evaluable patients: 30 randomised to dornase alfa (R-BAC+DA); 9 randomised to BAC (R-BAC); with the addition of 60 CC-BAC participants. Dornase alfa was well tolerated and reduced CRP by 33% compared to combined BAC groups (T-BAC). Least squares (LS) mean post-dexamethasone CRP fell from 101.9mg/L to 23.23 mg/L in the BAC+ dornase alfa group versus a fall from 99.5mg/L to 34.82 mg/L in the T-BAC group at 7 days; P=0.01. This effect of dornase alfa on CRP was confirmed with subgroup and sensitivity analyses that mitigated potential biases associated with the use of the CC-BAC group. Dornase alfa increased the chance of live discharge by 63% (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.61, P=0.03), increased lymphocyte counts (LS mean: 1.08 vs 0.87, P=0.02) and reduced circulating cf-DNA and the coagulopathy marker D-dimer (LS mean: 570.78 vs 1656.96 μg/mL, P=0.004). Conclusion We provide proof-of-concept evidence that dornase alfa reduces pathogenic inflammation in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, suggesting that best available care can be improved by the inclusion of anti-inflammatory treatments that target damage-associated molecules. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Clinical Trial NCT04359654 ### Funding Statement This work was supported by LifeArc (UCL-UCLH132333), UCL, Breathing Matters and the Francis Crick Institute which receives its core funding from the UK Medical Research Council (FC0010129), Cancer Research UK (FC0010129) and the Wellcome Trust (FC0010129). The study was undertaken at UCLH/UCL who received a proportion of funding from the Department of Health NIHR Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. VJS and DB are funded by the NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. I.V.A was funded by an EMBO LTF (ALTF 113-2019). ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The COVASE trial was sponsored by University College London, carried out at University College London Hospitals (UCLH). The trial protocol and the statistical analysis plan are available in the Appendix. The COVASE trial was reviewed by an Independent Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board: the South Central - Hampshire B Research Ethics Committee Level 3 Block B Whitefriars Lewins Mead, Bristol BS1 2NT, chaired by Professor Vincenzo Libri (REC reference: 20/SC/0197, Protocol number: 132333, RAS project ID:283091) and the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). The trial was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical guidelines of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, applicable International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and applicable laws and regulations. All the randomized participants provided written informed consent. Consent for the historical controls was covered by the Health Service (Control of Participant Information) Regulations 2002 that allows the processing of Confidential Participant Information (CPI) for specific purposes. Regulation 3 provides for the processing of CPI in relation to communicable diseases and other threats to public health and in particular, allows the Secretary of State to require organisations to process CPI for purposes related to communicable diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic is covered by this legislation which allows a range of purposes related to diagnosing, managing, and controlling the spread of COVID-19. The sponsors designed the trial, in collaboration with the investigators at the Francis Crick institute, Exploristics and Target to Treatment Consulting, and the sponsors and trial investigators participated in data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The authors made the decision to submit the manuscript for publication and vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the data presented and for the fidelity of the trial to the protocol. The COVASE study was registered on [clinicaltrials.gov][1] identifier: [NCT04359654][2]. Safety and data integrity were regularly reviewed by the Trial Monitoring Group and Data Monitoring Committee. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present work are contained in the manuscript [1]: http://clinicaltrials.gov [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT04359654&atom=%2Fmedrxiv%2Fearly%2F2024%2F01%2F17%2F2022.04.14.22272888.atom