Kinetic study of the enhanced photoelectrochemical properties of microwave-assisted Al and Si co-doped Zr-Fe2O3 photoanodes

Unintended metal oxide layer development during co-doping has been suggested as being highly effective in intensifying the oxygen evolution reaction. Herein, we studied the influence of microwave-assisted co-doping of trivalent Al3+ and tetravalent Si4+ into Zr-Fe2O3 photoanode for effective photoelectrochemical (PEC) perfor-mance. The Si co-doping showed effective diffusion into the hematite bulk during high-temperature quenching. Relative to SiOx, an Al2O3 layer notably passivated the surface defects, whilst Si4+ co-doping markedly improved the bulk charge transfer features, compared to Al3+ co-doping. Because of the active passivation effect of the Al2O3 layer, the photocurrent density of Al/Zr-Fe2O3 photoanode was considerably increased at lower potentials. In specific, the Al/Zr-Fe2O3 photoanode displayed an almost 100% enhancement in surface charge transfer rate constant than that of the bare Zr-Fe2O3 at 1.23 VRHE. The comprehensive experimental results provided evidence of the consequence of tri/tetravalent co-dopants on charge transfer in the bulk of the hematite and at the photoanode-electrolyte interface. A probable charge transfer mechanism was proposed under illumination to demonstrate how the Si and Al microwave-assisted attachment impacted the photogenerated charge recombi-nation reduction in the photoanode and subsequently advanced its PEC water splitting performance.