Bioactive compounds from the leaves of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek: Inhibition of LDL oxidation, glycation, lipid peroxidation, target enzymes, and microbial growth

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek, a medicinal plant used for treating gastritis, ulcers, and gastric disorders, possesses therapeutic properties attributed to diverse leaf compounds-terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins, reflecting the ethnopharmacological knowledge of traditional users.Aims of the study: We aimed to assess the antioxidant and antiglycant capacities of Maytenus ilicifolia's ethanolic extract and organic fractions, identify bioactive compounds through HPLC-MS/MS analysis, and conduct phytochemical assessments. We also assessed their potential to inhibit digestive and cholinesterase enzymes, mitigate oxidation of human LDL and rat hepatic tissue, and examine their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Materials and methods: Organic fractions (hexane -HF-Mi, dichloromethane -DMF-Mi, ethyl acetate -EAF-Mi, n -butanol -BF-Mi, and hydromethanolic -HMF-Mi) were obtained via liquid-liquid partitioning. Antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, ORAC) and antiglycant (BSA/FRU, BSA/MGO, ARG/MGO/LDL/MGO models) capacities were tested. Phytochemical analysis employed HPLC-MS/MS. We also studied the inhibitory effects on alpha-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, human LDL and rat hepatic tissue oxidation, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results: HPLC-ESI-MS/MS identified antioxidant compounds such as catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol de-rivatives. Ethanolic extract (EE-Mi) and organic fractions demonstrated robust antioxidant and antiglycant ac-tivity. EAF-Mi and BF-Mi inhibited alpha-amylase (2.42 mu g/mL and 7.95 mu g/mL) compared to acarbose (0.144 mu g/ mL). Most organic fractions exhibited similar to 50% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, rivaling galantamine and rivastigmine. EAF-Mi, BF-Mi, and EE-Mi excelled in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. All fractions, except HMF-Mi, effectively countered LDL oxidation, evidenced by the area under the curve. These fractions protected LDL against lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: This study unveils Maytenus ilicifolia's ethanolic extract and organic fractions properties. Through rigorous analysis, we identify bioactive compounds and highlight their antioxidant, antiglycant, enzyme inhi-bition, and protective properties against oxidative damage. These findings underline its significance in modern pharmacology and its potential applications in healthcare.