Transcriptional signature of islet neogenesis-associated protein peptide-treated rat pancreatic islets reveals induction of novel long non-coding RNAs

Background: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with loss of beta-cell function and mass. An attractive therapeutic approach to treat patients with diabetes in a non-invasive way is to harness the innate regenerative potential of the pancreas. The Islet Neogenesis-Associated Protein pentadecapeptide (INGAP-PP) has been shown to induce beta-cell regeneration and improve their function in rodents. To investigate its possible mechanism of action, we report here the global transcriptional effects induced by the short-term INGAP-PP in vitro treatment of adult rat pancreatic islets.Methods and findings: Rat pancreatic islets were cultured in vitro in the presence of INGAP-PP for 4 days, and RNA-seq was generated from triplicate treated and control islet samples. We performed a de novo rat gene annotation based on the alignment of RNA-seq reads. The list of INGAP-PP-regulated genes was integrated with epigenomic data. Using the new gene annotation generated in this work, we quantified RNA-seq data profiled in INS-1 cells treated with IL1 beta, IL1 beta+Calcipotriol (a vitamin D agonist) or vehicle, and single-cell RNA-seq data profiled in rat pancreatic islets. We found 1,669 differentially expressed genes by INGAP-PP treatment, including dozens of previously unannotated rat transcripts. Genes differentially expressed by the INGAP-PP treatment included a subset of upregulated transcripts that are associated with vitamin D receptor activation. Supported by epigenomic and single-cell RNA-seq data, we identified 9 previously unannotated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) upregulated by INGAP-PP, some of which are also differentially regulated by IL1 beta and vitamin D in beta-cells. These include Ri-lnc1, which is enriched in mature beta-cells.Conclusions: Our results reveal the transcriptional program that could explain the enhancement of INGAP-PP-mediated physiological effects on beta-cell mass and function. We identified novel lncRNAs that are induced by INGAP-PP in rat islets, some of which are selectively expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and downregulated by IL1 beta treatment of INS-1 cells. Our results suggest a relevant function for Ri-lnc1 in beta-cells. These findings are expected to provide the basis for a deeper understanding of islet translational results from rodents to humans, with the ultimate goal of designing new therapies for people with diabetes.