Three-dimensional Salacca zalacca shell-derived oxygen-doped porous carbon framework and its electrochemical performance in supercapacitors

Chemical activation is a simple and cheap method that can modify the surface morphology associated with improving the electrochemical properties of supercapacitor cell electrodes. Furthermore, the three-dimensional porous carbon framework used in this study was derived from Salacca zalacca Shell (SS) by doping oxygen and optimizing chemical activation reagents (ZnCl 2 , KOH, and NaOH). This carbon material is the first biomass reportedly applied in supercapacitor cells as electrodes produced through stages of pre-carbonization, chemical activation, and integrated carbonization-physical activation. The SS-derived electrodes showed good electrochemical performance due to the unique three-dimensional framework structure, large specific surface area, high gravity rate, and effective oxygen doping. The symmetrical supercapacitor cells based on SS electrode material had an optimum specific capacitance of 223 Fg −1 . These results provided a clear, simple, and easy synthesis strategy for the large-scale transformation of sustainable biomass wastes into porous carbon material for energy storage and conversion applications.