The physical meaning of time-delayed collection field transients from disordered devices

Charge carrier mobility and recombination determine the performance of many opto-electronic devices such as solar cells, sensors, and light-emitting diodes. Understanding how these parameters change as a function of material choice, charge carrier density, and device geometry is essential for developing the next generation of devices. The time-delayed collection field (TDCF) technique is becoming a widely used method to measure both recombination and carrier transport with values derived from this method being widely reported for many material systems. However, most novel materials are highly disordered with a high density of trap states and standard TDCF theory neglects the influence of these states. In this work, we examine how reliable TDCF can be as a measurement technique when the device contains significant energetic disorder. We identify regimes where the results can be relied upon and where the results should be taken with more caution. Finally, we provide simple and easy to use experimental tests to help the experimentalist decide whether the physical processes are dominated by trap states. (c) 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).