Phase-space Analysis of Ordered and Disordered Nonthermal Ion Energization during Magnetic Reconnection

Anomalous ion heating is frequently observed to accompany magnetic reconnection, yet there is little consensus on its origin. Instead of the usual velocity-space analysis, we use phase-space analysis to exhaustively explain how ions are nonthermally energized during collisionless, antiparallel magnetic reconnection. There are both ordered and disordered aspects in the process; the former is explained in terms of conservative quantities, and the latter is explained by demonstrating chaos through a direct calculation of Lyapunov exponents. The former induces “multibeam-like heating” in all three directions, whereas the latter induces stochastic bulk heating. Profiles of the ion temperature tensor components during reconnection can be easily understood by the phase-space distributions of ions in different motional stages.