Numerical study on the role of ternary nanoparticles on heat transfer enhancement in MHD flow of cross-rheological-fluid

The heat transfer in the fluids over a disk occurs in several industrial applications. Thermal and cooling systems, spray coating, heat exchangers, and automobiles are sectors where heat transfer is encountered. In view of these applications, the present investigation is carried out. Therefore, the theoretical study related to heat transfer enhancement has significance. The governing laws are used to formulate the problems. For numerical formulations, the finite element method (FEM) is used. This method has proven to be a very good numerical scheme for complex models, along with complex mathematical corelations for involved thermo-physical properties. Accuracy and convergence are ensured, and mesh-free analysis is performed. The present results for their special case are compared with published data, and an excellent agreement is found between the present results and already published data. Hence, authenticity is ensured. The strongest effects of shear rate-dependent viscosity in the case of ternary nanofluids are seen. The highest wall heat flux is noticed in the case of a ternary nanofluid. The viscous dissipation results in a remarkable decrease in the wall heat flux. The highest viscous dissipation is noticed in the case of ternary nanofluids. The ternary nanofluid generates the most heat when it is subjected to thermal changes. However, the fluid with a single type of nanoparticles generates the least heat. The strongest effects of shear rate-dependent viscosity in the case of ternary nanofluids are seen. The viscous dissipation results in a remarkable decrease in the wall heat flux. Thus, the fluid should be less viscous and dissipative if the highest wall heat flux is required in any industrial application. The highest wall shear stress is noticed in the case of ternary nanofluids, whereas the smallest values of wall shear stress are noted in the case of monofluids. Therefore, sufficient strength of the wall over which ternary nanofluid flows should be ensured in order to avoid failure or breakage of the setup where ternary nanofluid is used.