CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SLC15A4 gene involved in the immune response in bovine rumen epithelial cells

The objective of this study was to determine the role of SLC15A4 in the muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-mediated inflammatory response of bovine rumen epithelial cells (BRECs). First, changes in the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factor genes in BRECs following 10 mu g mL(-1) MDP treatments were examined. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of pro-inflammatory factor (IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) mRNAs were significantly increased under MDP stimulation (P<0.001). Moreover, SLC15A4-Knockout (SLC15A4-KO) cells were obtained through lentivirus packaging, transfection, screening, and cell monoclonal culture. In order to gain further insight into the potential function of SLC15A4, we utilized transcriptome data, which revealed a change in the genes between WT-BRECs and SLC15A4-KO. Five down-regulated pro-inflammatory genes and 13 down-regulated chemokine genes related to the inflammatory response were identified. Meanwhile, the down-regulated genes were mostly enriched in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. The results of RT-qPCR also verified these detected changes. To further determine the mechanism of how WT and SLC15A4-KO BRECs are involved in inflammatory responses, we investigated the inflammatory responses of cells exposed to MDP. WT-BRECs and SLC15A4-KO were treated with a culture medium containing 10 mu g mL(-1) MDP, in comparison to a control without MDP. Our results show that SLC15A4-KO BRECs had reduced the expression of genes (IL-6, TNF-alpha, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL9, and CCL2) and proteins (p-p65 and p-p44/42) from the MDP-mediated inflammatory response compared to WT-BRECs (P<0.05). In this experiment, CRISPR-Cas9 was used to KO the di/tripeptide transporter SLC15A4, and its role was confirmed via the MDP-induced inflammatory response in BRECs. This