A review of protocols for engineering human cardiac organoids

The use of human cardiac organoids (hCOs) as 3D in vitro models for cardiovascular research has shown great promise. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have proven to be a potent source for engineering hCOs. However, various protocols for generating hCOs from hPSCs result in significant differences in heart development, maturity, complexity, vascularization, and spatial structure, all of which can influence their functional and physiological properties. This protocol review aims to highlight different strategies for generating hCOs using hPSCs while also critically discussing their challenges and limitations.