Forest Canopy Acts as an Atmospheric NOx Sink: Results From Micrometeorological Flux Measurements

Human activities have released a large amount of nitric oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere, leading to elevated regional atmospheric NOx concentration and nitrogen (N) deposition. Several studies have observed a downward NOx or NOy (NOx and its oxidation products) flux to the forest canopy, but attributed it to the photochemical reactions and conversion from gaseous N to particulate N. Here, we focus on the possibility of NOx sink by forest canopy based on an observed downward NOx flux of 0.28 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in a temperate forest of northeastern China, using hourly monitoring of NOx fluxes. In combination with results from previous studies, we find that the downward NOx or NOy fluxes ranged from 0.2 to 1.4 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in temperate forests and from 5.3 to 8.5 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in subtropical forests and they were positively related to atmospheric NOx concentration, mean annual air temperature and annual precipitation across eight forest sites from around the world. If assuming 50% of downward NOx or NOy was directly taken up by the canopy, we estimate a NOx or NOy sink of 0.2 and 1.1 Tg N yr-1 by global respective temperate and subtropical forests, representing an effective scavenger of atmospheric NOx and a considerable N source to forests. We suggest that interception of NOx or NOy by forest canopy should be considered in global NOx budgets and their contribution to the global forest N pool in global Earth System's models. Canopy interception of reactive N has gained wide attention in recent several years, however, its quantification is still unclear. In the present work, we demonstrate the NOx downward movement in a typical temperate forest in northeastern China was partially driven by canopy biological uptake, and then combined results of our in situ observation of canopy NOx flux with other existing 10 monitoring sites worldwide. We estimated an N input of 0.2 and 1.1 Tg N yr-1 in global respective temperate and subtropical forests via downward NOx movement, representing an effective scavenger of atmospheric NOx and a considerable N source to forests. The potential importance of canopy NOx uptake by forests for atmospheric NOx concentration and forest N pools is unclearCombining present and previous study results, we estimated a canopy N input of 0.2-1.1 Tg yr-1 in global temperate and subtropical forestsWe suggest that interception of NOx by forest canopy should be considered in global NOx budgets and forest N pools