Investigating political stability effect on the environment in the Netherlands by Fourier-based approaches

Countries have been faced with critical environmental problems and tried to take measures to prevent the negative effects on societies. In this context, countries, policymakers, and scholars have considered various factors. However, political stability (PS) has not been a fully recognized point. Therefore, the most recent studies have begun to include PS in empirically analyzing the environment. By considering the contemporary literature regarding factors affecting environmental quality, this research investigates the effect of PS on the environment in the Netherlands, which takes place among the countries that have a high level of PS. In doing this, the study focuses on the effect of PS by considering various controlling factors; utilizes data spanning from 1990/Q1 to 2019/Q4; employs Fourier-based ARDL and TY causality approaches as the base models; and performs the FMOLS approach for robustness. The findings present that (i) PS curbs environmental degradation; (ii) renewable energy declines environmental degradation; (iii) economic growth causes a stimulating in environmental degradation; (iv) globalization is not statistically significant on the environment; (iv) PS, renewable energy, and economic growth have a causal effect on the environmental degradation, whereas globalization does not have; (v) the results are robust based on the alternative approach. Thus, the study proves the highly effective role of PS on the environmental quality in the Netherlands. So, Netherlands policymakers should take PS into account in environmental plans so as not to miss being a carbon-neutral economy target due to the changes in the political environment. Accordingly, various policy options are discussed.{GRAPHIACAL ABSTRACT}