Flexible Specific Determination of Glucose in Solution, Blood Serum, and Sweat Using a Terahertz Hydrogel-Functionalized Metamaterial

Terahertz metamaterials have shown promises in biomolecules detection, however, aqueous solvents such as blood serum strongly absorb the terahertz waves, interfering with the detection. To avoid such interference, an ultrathin, flexible, biogel-based metamaterial that can specifically detect the transmission of terahertz waves through biomolecules in aqueous solution is proposed and demonstrated. The glucose in water can be detected with a sensitivity of 0.0446 dL mg-1 and a detection limit of 1.64 mg dL-1, as well as glucose in human serum. The metamaterial that detects glucose in human sweat is part of a wearable device. The biosensor functions well for more than 100 detection cycles. The results suggest a strategy for real-time detection of glucose and potentially other biomolecules. An ultrathin, flexible terahertz metamaterial based on AAPBA hydrogel that can detect glucose in aqueous solution, human serum, and human sweat with rapid response time is demonstrated. This system allows non-invasive, real-time detection of glucose as a wearable device, opening up new possibilities for the long-term management of diabetes.image