Potential genotoxic and biological effects of 1,4 dioxane on different model organisms

A suspected human carcinogen, the compound 1,4-dioxane (DXN) has been commonly employed as a solvent in the production of various cleaning applications, cosmetics, dyes, varnishes, waxes, and detergents. Leaked from wastewater treatment plants into surface waters, DXN may contaminate drinking water. Research into toxicity/genotoxicity of various compounds has been recognizing merits of Drosophila melanogaster on account of its short life span and genetic tractability. Therefore, this mini review attempts to revisit our current understanding of toxic and genotoxic impacts of DXN exposure and potential underlying mechanisms based on the latest in vivo studies in the field. We also aim to encourage future research to use Drosophila as a model organism to assess biological impacts of DXN and other chemicals at various levels including cellular (genotoxicity and reactive oxygen species detection in hemocytes), chromosomal (the wing spot test), behavioral (locomotor and thermal sensitivity), and developmental (abnormal anatomical endpoints).