Steady and unsteady characteristics of circular arc airfoils for water pumping windmills

Accurate airfoil lift and drag data at low Reynolds number, Re, and high angles of attack, a, are needed to analyze the performance of small wind turbines, particularly their starting. In the current study, the steady and unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of circular arc airfoils (CAAs) with and without spars, as used in water-pumping windmills, were examined in a wind tunnel of 1 m(2) cross section at R e < 10(6). The tunnel was configured as an open jet and a closed section. The effects of varying geometrical characteristics on the CAA performance were investigated using a combination of thickness, camber, aspect ratio, and airfoil chord-to-tunnel height ratio. Using force transducers, the aerodynamic forces acting on the airfoils were measured directly for both increasing and decreasing a. The decreasing a measurements produce a higher lift-drag ratio than the increasing measurements, mostly in the post-stall region. In addition, "second stall," was observed at large a in both the open and closed tunnels depending on the Re and tunnel blockage, but was much more prominent in the closed tunnel due to its wall constraining the wake and preventing the flow from switching from one regime to another. It was shown that the performance of all tested airfoils was sensitive to low Re under steady and unsteady conditions. The latter measurements for an airfoil oscillated at reduced frequencies, k = 0.06, are the first for CAAs. Results from this investigation provide a comprehensive airfoil dataset for the accurate blade element theory modeling of CAAs aerodynamic and starting performances.