Proteomics and Metabolic Patterns of Hyalomma dromedarii Ticks Treated with Citrus sinensis var balady Peels' Oil Extract

THE CURRENT study evaluated the acaricidal effect of Citrus sininses var balady peels' extracted-oil on camels' ticks Hyalomma dromedarii (H. dromedarii). Mortality % in treated adult ticks is directely correlated to oil concentrations. LC50s results were 82.2% and 78% in dipping and physical contact methods of application, respectively. Phytochemical screening carried out by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) detected: 2.8% & beta;-Pinene, 43.334% Limonene, and 53.8426% D -Limonene. Citrus oils showed biolological chenges in H. dromedarii life cycle and its different instars along 2 in vitro generations. In comparison, Citrus oil treatments revealed high significant prolongation; than untreated group, in recorded periods by days of oviposition (17.8 > 6.8), hatching (17.6 > 7.4), larval-nymphal feeding (21 > 15.2), premolting (20 > 16), nymphal-adults feeding (19.4 > 6.2), otherwise, insignificantly affected prehatching and preoviposition periods in ticks of 1st generation. In 2nd generation, significantly increased oviposition (19 > 10) and molting periods (6.4 > 4.8), but reduced the prehatching (34 < 42), larval-nymphal feeding (17.8 < 25) periods, and sex ratio (12:1 > 3:1; male: female), yet insignificant effects on preoviposition, hatching, premolting periods, egg mass, and nymphal weights. Biochemically, total proteins contents quantitation, electrophoretic patterns, and enzymatic activities were significantly changed in treated than untreated and controls. SDS-PAGE patterns of treated larvae of 1st and 2nd generation and unfed females and males were separated into 17, 12, 6, and 10 bands within 240 to 31 kDa MWs, respectively. In addition, common bands with higher densitometry scanning phenotypic patterns were detected correlated to oil treatment and/or 2% DEMSO in positive controls. The appearance, disappearance, hyper, hypo-expressions of proteins bands indicated oil's efficacy on tick's faunas. Additionally, activities of antioxidant enzymes had been affected. Catalase increased in 1st but decreased in 2nd generation while glutathione reductase was significantly reduced in 1st and 2nd generations. In conclusion; Citrus peels' oil proved efficiency as an alternative eco-safe, biodegradable, and low cost acaricide useful in ticks control in the veterinary field.