Optimizing soil and fertilizer management strategy to facilitate sustainable development of wheat production in a semi-arid area: A 12-year in-situ study on the Loess Plateau

Context: The low precipitation and low soil fertility in the Loess Plateau region of China limit the sustainable development of farmland. No-tillage, straw mulching, or planting green manure can improve soil water storage or soil quality. However, further research is needed to optimize these soil and fertilizer management strategies to maximize yield and effectively utilize resources.Objective: The present study aimed to determine the optimal soil and fertilizer management strategies to maximize wheat growth and water/nitrogen utilization efficiency, while minimizing nitrogen fertilizer input.Methods: Five different soil and fertilizer treatments were tested on the Loess Plateau between 2009 and 2021, including traditional tillage followed by bare soil (CK), no-till with straw mulching (NTSM), no-till with straw mulching followed by leguminous green manure (OPT), and reductions in N fertilizer inputs of 10% (OPT10) and 20% (OPT20) under OPT.Results: The average results from 12 years of research revealed that the soil water content (SWC) and NO3--N content in the 0-20 cm soil depth under OPT were higher by 4.3% and 13.4% compared to CK (P < 0.01), and the length and surface area of the wheat roots were higher by 20.9% and 11.0% (P < 0.01), respectively. Optimized soil and fertilizer management delayed leaf senescence and enhanced the antioxidant and photosynthetic capacities of the wheat crop. Compared with CK, the net photosynthetic rate and superoxide dismutase activity were 38.6% and 11.6% higher under OPT, respectively, and no significant differences were observed between OPT and OPT10. Optimized soil and fertilizer management promoted wheat yield formation, water and fertilizer use efficiency, and OPT obtained the highest yield (4497.3 kg ha(- 1)), N uptake (138.7 kg ha(- 1)), and water use efficiency (WUE, 13.3 kg ha(- 1)). Compared with CK, OPT increased the wheat yield, N uptake, WUE, and WP by 21.5%, 16.7%, 16.6%, and 12.6%, respectively, and there were no significant differences between OPT10 and OPT.Conclusions: Optimizing the soil and fertilizer management strategies increased the soil water and NO3--N contents, delayed leaf senescence, enhanced the leaf antioxidant and photosynthetic capacities, promoted wheat yield formation and efficient resource utilization. A 10% reduction in N fertilizer input based on no-till, straw