Small-scale surface heterogeneity and potential inhomogeneities in temperature time series: A case study

Measurements in seven sites in the Campus of the University of the Balearic Islands (UIB; Mallorca, Spain) during an experimental campaign to study the contribution of local surface heterogeneities on the surface energy budget at one point have been used to characterize the differences in extreme daily tem-peratures between the sites during a summer month. Absolute temperature differences in this month reached up to 1.92 (with a median of 0.73) and 2.02 (median of 1.21)degrees C for daily maximum and minimum, respectively. Higher dif-ferences in the minimum temperature can be attributed to the stably stratified and weak turbulent conditions at night that enhance local differences in the surface energy fluxes, especially in an area with strong variability of the sur-face characteristics like the UIB Campus. Instead, during daytime, maximum temperature differences are smoothed due to the convection and the horizon-tal advection due to the sea-breeze. Two sites with longer records allowed to study the seasonal variations of these differences, which were substantially lower in the colder months. These results suggest that relocation of observato-ries, even at distances as short as 200 m, may introduce important inhomoge-neities in the temperature series. Therefore, raw values of series from nearby stations should not be used to infill missing data in other series without ade-quate statistical adjustments.