Does corporate social responsibility mediate the relationship between board diversity and financial distress: evidence from an emerging economy?

PurposeThe study hypothesized that the impact of board diversity on financial distress (FD) is not direct but rather mediated by the firm's corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of CSR as a mediator in the board diversity-FD relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe study examined six board diversity dimensions - age, gender, nationality, education and tenure in 81 nonfinancial Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX)-listed firms from 2010 to 2021. The CSR engagement of the sample firms is evaluated using a multidimensional financial approach and the likelihood of FD is computed using Altman's Z-score. The system-generalized method of moments estimator is used to meet the study objectives. In addition, several tests are run to determine the robustness of the study's findings.FindingsBased on the procedure for mediation analysis outlined by Baron and Kenny (1986), the authors found that CSR is significantly inversely associated with the likelihood of FD. Second, board diversity variables age, gender and national diversity were positively associated with CSR. Third, board age, gender and national diversity are significantly inversely related to FD. Finally, it was found that there is partial mediation between board age diversity and FD, whereas full mediation is shown between board age diversity and FD and between board nationality diversity and FD.Practical implicationsThis study provides practical insights into PSX's board diversity for companies, regulators and policymakers.Originality/valueThis research studies the connection between board diversity and FD. In addition, the current study extended the analysis by testing for the first time the mediating role of CSR in the diversity-distress relationship, particularly in the context of an emerging economy.