Aspergillus ochraceus biocontrol by Hanseniaspora opuntiae in vitro and on coffee fruits

Aspergillus ochraceus is an ochratoxin-producing fungus which contaminates coffee. In this study the antifungal effect of the yeast Hanseniaspora opuntiae on three Aspergillus ochraceus strains (IOC 4417, IOC 4462, Ao 14) was evaluated in vitro and on coffee fruits. H. opuntiae (10(6) and 10(7) cells mL(-1)) reduced in vitro fungal growth from 82% to 87%, when co-cultivated with A. ochraceus. The yeast cell free supernatant (CFS) inhibited conidial germination from 76.5% to 92.5%, and hyphal growth from 54% to 78%. The yeast (10(7) and 10(9) cells mL(-1) ) applied on coffee fruits delayed fruit decay by A. ochraceus (IOC 4417 and Ao 14) until the 9th day, and was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the controls. Furthermore, the ultrastructure of the yeast-fungus interaction on the coffee fruit surface showed yeast attachment to A. ochraceus hyphae, and morphological alterations in fungal structures, with hyphal abnormalities, such as tortuous hyphae with irregular, non-uniform surface compared to the control without yeast. H. opuntiae showed efficacy as biocontrol agent and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the antifungal activity of H. opuntiae against A. ochraceus on coffee fruits Nevertheless, application of H. opuntiae to the crop in the field requires further studies.