New insights into the toxicological effects of dietary biogenic amines

Biogenic amines (BA) are molecules with biological functions, which can accumulate at toxic concentrations in foods. Several microorganisms have been identified as responsible for their accumulation at elevated concen-trations. Histamine, tyramine and putrescine are the BA most commonly found at highest concentrations. The ingestion of food containing high BA concentrations leads to intoxication with symptoms depending on the BA and the amount consumed. Moreover, there is evidence of synergy between different BA, something of toxico-logical importance given that some foods accumulate different BA.This work reviews the BA toxic effects and examines recent discoveries regarding their synergy, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. These advances in the toxicological consequences of ingesting BA contaminated foods support the need to regulate their presence in foods to preserve the consumer's health. However, more research efforts-focused on the establishment of risk assessments-are needed to reach a consensus in their limits in different food matrices.