Consider the Source: The Impact of Social Mixing on Drylot Housed Steer Behavior and Productivity

Simple Summary Social mixing, a critical component of contemporary beef cattle management, can cause psychosocial stress and typically occurs simultaneously with other stressors (e.g., weaning, transportation, etc.), leaving the independent impact of social mixing on cattle welfare unknown. To begin to disentangle this web, two different sources of genetically similar steers were either socially mixed or housed with individuals from their source herds, and their productivity and behavior were monitored. Social mixing did not affect average productivity in pens, yet the impacts that were observed at the individual steer level indicated that social mixing negatively affected the productivity of steers from one source but not from the other. Irrespective of social mixing, sources differed in the amount of time per day they spent ruminating and drinking. Social mixing was not universally detrimental to cattle welfare, and group-level evaluations can mask welfare challenges experienced by individuals. Furthermore, the source of cattle may have the greatest impact on steer performance, regardless of the social mixing treatment employed.Abstract Cattle are a social species in which social mixing can induce physical and psychosocial stress; however, the impact of social mixing on cattle welfare is unknown. Two different sources of genetically similar Angus crossbred steers were transported to the same feedlot and assigned to a pen where they were either socially mixed or housed with individuals from their source herds. Social mixing did not impact average daily gains in pens, feed intake, or feed efficiency; pens of socially mixed steers were more active. Sources differed in their responses to social mixing. One source was unaffected, whereas social mixing negatively impacted productivity for the other source. Irrespective of social mixing, the sources differed in the amount of time per day they spent ruminating and drinking. Group analyses indicated that socially mixing two sources of feedlot steers did not negatively impact group productivity, yet the impacts that were observed at the individual level suggest that prior experiences may influence their ability to cope with social stress, emphasizing the importance of early-life experiences to long-term welfare and productivity. Social mixing was not universally detrimental to cattle welfare, and the source of cattle may have the greatest affect on their performance regardless of whether a social mixing event has occurred.