Objective measures of smoking and caffeine intake and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Roshan J Selvaratnam,Ulla Sovio,Emma Cook,Francesca Gaccioli, D Stephen Charnock-Jones,Gordon C S Smith

International journal of epidemiology（2023）

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摘要

Based on objective data, consistent exposure to smoking throughout pregnancy was strongly associated with sPTB and FGR. High levels of paraxanthine were not independently associated with any of the studied outcomes and were confounded by smoking.

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关键词

Smoking, caffeine, paraxanthine, cotinine, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, pre-term birth, gestational diabetes, birthweight

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