Connecting Space Missions From NGSO Constellations: Feasibility Study

A space-based internet system (e.g., Starlink, OneWeb, o3b mPower), despite possessing the capability to provide internet services to on-ground users in a global scale, can dramatically change the way space missions are designed and operated in the foreseeable future. Assuming a scenario where space mission satellites can access the internet via a space internet system, the satellite can be connected to the network permanently (24x7) and act as mere terminal independently from its location. The ability to communicate with the satellite on-demand has the potential to improve aspects such as real-time tasking, outage minimization, operation cost, and dependency on the ground. This paper performs a feasibility study on the concept of connecting space missions using space-based internet systems. This study includes a review of existing and near-future space internet systems, identification of candidate space missions for the proposed concept, a necessary adaptation of existing Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) terminals to be plugged into space mission satellites, assessment of communication performance, and investigation of the legal aspects of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum usage. The paper evidences that the concept is practically possible to implement in the near future. Among the studied space internet systems (i.e. Starlink, OneWeb, o3b mPower), O3b mPower stands out as the best system allowing permanent coverage of low earth orbit (LEO) space missions with data rates that can reach up to 21 Mbps per satellite. Although the concept is very promising and can be implemented in near future, our investigations show that some regulation aspects regarding the RF usage should be solved for future deployment.