Amino acid metabolism dysregulation associated with inflammation and insulin resistance in HIV-infected individuals with metabolic disorders

Amino acid metabolic profile, particularly its association with clinical characteristics, remains unclear in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) combined with metabolic disorders. In this study, we performed targeted metabolomic analyses on 64 patients with HIV/AIDS and 21 healthy controls. Twenty-four amino acids and selected intermediate metabolites in the serum were quantitatively detected using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and characteristic changes and metabolic pathways were analyzed in HIV-infected patients with different degrees of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. Spearman’s partial correlation was used to analyze the association between amino acids, biochemical parameters, and inflammatory cytokines. The results showed that the main metabolic pathways of the eighteen differential metabolites involved were arginine biosynthesis and metabolism, methionine cycle, and tryptophan metabolism. Fourteen differential amino acid metabolites were positively correlated with nine inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, C-reactive protein, IL-1β, and galectin-3 (FDR < 0.1). Kynurenine, ornithine, and homocysteine were positively correlated with fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance index (FDR < 0.1). Our study revealed a multi-pathway imbalance in amino acid metabolism in patients with HIV/AIDS, which was significantly correlated with inflammation and insulin resistance.