Enhancing impacts of mesoscale eddies on Southern Ocean temperature variability and extremes

As a major sink of anthropogenic heat and carbon, the Southern Ocean experienced pronounced warming with increasing extreme temperature events over the past dec-ades. Mesoscale eddies that strongly influence the uptake, redistribution, and storage of heat in the ocean are expected to play important roles in these changes, yet obser-vational evidence remains limited. Here, we employ a comprehensive analysis of over 500,000 historical hydrographic profile measurements combined with satellite-based eddy observations to show enhanced thermal eddy imprints in the Southern Ocean. Our observations reveal that anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies are responsible for nearly half of the subsurface high (low)- temperature extremes detected, although only 10% of the profiles are located in eddy interiors. Over the past decade (2006 to 2019), both mean and extreme temperature anomalies within eddies in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current increased significantly, promoting the rise in subsurface ocean temperature variability. This enhanced role of eddies is likely a result of enhanced eddy pumping due to the increase in eddy intensity and ocean stratification caused by ocean warming. Our analysis underscores the crucial role of eddies in amplifying ocean temperature variability and extremes, with their effects expected to be even more pronounced as global warming persists.