Bacillus-Derived Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Relieves Ocular-Surface Inflammation and Damage by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Dry Eye

PURPOSE. We hypothesized that antioxidative enzymes supplementation could be a treatment option for dry eye. We investigated the efficacy of oral administration of Bacillus-derived superoxide dismutase (Bd-SOD) in a murine experimental dry eye (EDE). METHODS. In part I, mice were randomly assigned to normal control, EDE, and mice groups that were treated with oral Bd-SOD after induction of EDE (EDE + Bd-SOD group; four mice in each group). Expression of SOD2, a major antioxidant enzyme with manganese as a cofactor, was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. In part II, mice were divided into seven groups (six mice in each group): normal control, EDE, vehicle-treated, topical 0.05% cyclosporin A (CsA)-treated, and oral Bd-SOD-treated (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg Bd-SOD) groups. Tear volume, tear-film break-up time (TBUT), and corneal fluorescein-staining scores (CFS) were measured at zero, five, and 10 days after treatment. Ten days after treatment, 2 ',7 '-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate for reactive oxygen species (ROS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent for malondialdehyde, and TUNEL assays for corneal apoptosis, flow cytometry inflammatory T cells, and histological assessment were performed. RESULTS. Compared to the normal control group in part I, the EDE group showed significantly decreased SOD2 expression by immunofluorescence staining. However, the EDE + Bd-SOD group recovered similar to the normal control group. In part II, ROS, malondialdehyde, and corneal apoptosis were decreased in CsA and all Bd-SOD-treated groups. Corneal and conjunctival inflammatory T cells decreased, and conjunctival goblet cell density increased in CsA-treated and Bd-SOD-treated groups. Compared to the CsA-treated group, the 2.5 mg/kg Bd-SOD-treated group showed increased TBUT and decreased inflammatory T cells, and the 5.0 mg/kg Bd-SOD-treated group showed decreased CFS and increased conjunctival goblet cells. CONCLUSIONS. Oral Bd-SOD administration might increase autogenous SOD2 expression in ocular surface tissue in EDE and could be developed as a complementary treatment for DE in the future.