Advances in the Research of Photo, Electrical, and Magnetic Responsive Smart Superhydrophobic Materials: Synthesis and Potential Applications

With the rapid advancement of technology, the wettability of conventional superhydrophobic materials no longer suffice to meet the demands of practical applications. Intelligent responsive superhydrophobic materials have emerged as a highly sought-after material in various fields. The exceptional superhydrophobicity, reversible wetting, and intelligently controllable characteristics of these materials have led to extensive applications across industries, including industry, agriculture, defense, and medicine. Therefore, the development of intelligent superhydrophobic materials with superior performance, economic practicality, enhanced sensitivity, and controllability assumes utmost importance in advancing technology worldwide. This article provides a summary of the wettability principles of superhydrophobic surfaces and the mechanisms behind intelligent responsive superhydrophobicity. Furthermore, it reviews and analyzes the recent research progress on light, electric, and magnetic responsive superhydrophobic materials, encompassing aspects such as material synthesis, modification, performance, and responses under diverse external stimuli. The article also explores the challenges associated with different types of responsive superhydrophobic materials and the unique application prospects of light, electric, and magnetic responsive superhydrophobic materials. Additionally, it outlines the future directions for the development of intelligent responsive superhydrophobic materials. This paper presents recent advances in photo, electro, and magneto responsive smart superhydrophobic materials, focusing on the synthesis, modification, properties, and responsive behaviours of photo, electro, and magneto responsive smart superhydrophobic materials in response to different external stimuli, and also explores the challenges associated with different types of responsive superhydrophobic materials, as well as the unique prospects for the application of photo, electro, and magneto responsive superhydrophobic materials.image