Microwaves See Thin Ice: A Review of Ice and Snow Sensing Using Microwave Techniques

Ice and snow are a reality that a large percentage of the global population experiences on a regular basis, with more than 31% of the Earth's landmass [2] experiencing seasonal snow and ice accretion (as shown in Figure 1, a satellite image of the global snow cover for February 2022) [1]. In the United States alone, ice and larly, ice accretions on flying objects, such as aircraft wings or turbopropellers, are highly critical challenges and have been a focus for sensing and de-icing for decades [8] because of the fatal effects of icing on airplanes [9].