Experimental Investigation of Breach Mechanism for Overtopped Cohesive and Non-Cohesive Embankments

The failure of an embankment causes loss of lives, massive damage to infrastructure and the interruption of basic facilities; it has thus drawn increasing attention from researchers. When compared to other types of embankment disasters, overtopping-related embankment breaches are much more frequent. The study of the breach mechanism of embankments due to overtopping is becoming more and more essential for developing evacuation plans, early warning systems and damage assessment. To recognize the breach activities of embankments, it is necessary to find out discrete breach considerations like breach depth, breach initiation, breach width, etc. In the present study, a total of six tests were performed in a narrow flume using an embankment model. By conducting different experiments, it was observed that embankment breaching may be described in three stages, i.e., initial erosion, headcut erosion and lateral erosion. Furthermore, erosion is a three-dimensional process that occurs during embankment breaching, with the majority of erosion movement being associated with lateral broadening. The rate of headcut migration also has an impact on the widening rate. Furthermore, it depends upon the type of fill material and dam geometry. Also, the observed effect of moisture content on breach widening proved that the rate of widening was strongly influenced by water content. A drop of about 50% in moisture content causes approximately a 20% decrease in time to failure. In the present study, it is observed that breach shape could not be assumed to be regular shape like rectangle or trapezoid, as described in the literature. The trials were carried out in a narrow flume under constant hydraulic conditions, which are two of the study's limitations.