Accelerating Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Drug Discovery.

Accurate prediction of ligand binding thermodynamics and kinetics is crucial in drug design. However, it remains challenging for conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations due to sampling issues. Gaussian accelerated MD (GaMD) is an enhanced sampling method that adds a harmonic boost to overcome energy barriers, which has demonstrated significant benefits in exploring protein-ligand interactions. Especially, the ligand GaMD (LiGaMD) applies a selective boost potential to the ligand nonbonded potential energy, significantly improving sampling for ligand binding and dissociation. Furthermore, a selective boost potential is applied to the potential of both ligand and protein residues around binding pocket in LiGaMD2 to further increase the sampling of protein-ligand interaction. LiGaMD and LiGaMD2 simulations could capture repetitive ligand binding and unbinding events within microsecond simulations, allowing to simultaneously characterize ligand binding thermodynamics and kinetics, which is expected to greatly facilitate drug design. In this chapter, we provide a brief review of the status of LiGaMD in drug discovery and outline its usage.