Techniques to embed channels in finite element shallow water equation models

Two new and novel techniques to efficiently represent channels in large-scale finite element shallow water equation models are introduced. The first enables the discontinuous representation of bathymetric depth by allowing nodes along a discontinuity to have two land surface elevations, one representing the bottom of the discontinuity and the other the top of the discontinuity. Elemental integration proceeds using the nodal depth corresponding to whether the element is on the upper or lower side of the discontinuity and enables efficient treatment of steep sided features in a two-dimensional horizontal discretization. The second technique consol-idates nodal equations at paired nodes across a channel. Doing this eliminates cross-channel variability and consequently eliminates the across-channel Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy stability constraint on the model time step. Together the two techniques allow channels of various sizes as well as other instances of steep topography to be embedded seamlessly, efficiently and in a fully coupled manner within an otherwise two-dimensional horizontal spatial discretization. This new capability is especially useful in the interface zone subject to both coastal and hydrological influences as it effectively captures bi-directional channelized flow, bi-directional flow between the channel and the floodplain, and coupled flow when the channel and floodplain are fully submerged. This paper describes the methodological development and presents a series of tests that verify the performance of this novel solution approach.