Effects of Co-Addition of Guanidinium and Cesium to CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells

The effects of guanidinium (C(NH2)(3), GA) and cesium (Cs) co-additions on methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI(3)) perovskite solar cells were investigated. The first-principles calculations on the density of the states and band structures showed a reduction in the total energy by the GA addition. Although the calculation showed that the co-addition of the GA/Cs to the MAPbI(3) perovskite could decrease the carrier mobilities, and the addition of GA/Cs improved the device performance. This result would be due to a facilitation of grain growth and a suppression of the defects from the GA/Cs addition. The changes to the conversion efficiencies of the device with the best performance were small, which indicates that the present co-addition of GA/Cs is effective for the stability of the devices.