Optimization of Permalloy Properties for Magnetic Field Sensors Using He

Permalloy, despite being a widely used soft magnetic material, still requires optimization in terms of magnetic softness and magnetostriction for its use in magnetoresistive-sensor applications. Conventional annealing methods are often insufficient to locally achieve the desired properties for a narrow parameter range. In this study, we report a significant improvement in the magnetic softness and magnetostriction in a 30-nm permalloy film after He+ irradiation. The irradiation treatment reduces the induced anisotropy by a factor of 10 and the hard-axis coercivity by a factor of 5 compared with the values in the as-deposited state. In addition, the effective magnetostriction of the film is significantly reduced by a factor ten (below 1 x 10-7) after irradiation. All the above-mentioned effects can be attributed to the isotropic crystallite growth of the Ni81Fe19 alloy and to the intermixing at the magnetic layer interfaces under light-ion irradiation. We support our findings with X-ray-diffraction analysis of the textured Ni81Fe19 alloy. Importantly, the sizable magnetoresistance is preserved after the irradiation. Our results show that compared with traditional annealing methods, the use of He+ irradiation leads to significant improvements in the magnetic softness and reduces strain cross-sensitivity in permalloy films required for 3D positioning and compass applications. These improvements, in combination with the local nature of the irradiation process, make our findings valuable for the optimization of monolithic integrated sensors, where classic annealing methods cannot be applied due to complex interplay within the components in the device.