Preterm Neurodevelopmental Trajectories from 18 Months to 4.5 Years

Objective To assess the longitudinal trajectory of cognitive, language, and motor outcomes from 18 months to 4.5 years of age in children born very preterm.Study design This was a prospective cohort study of 163 infants born very preterm (born 24-32 weeks of gesta-tion) followed longitudinally and assessed with neurodevelopmental scales and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Outcomes at 18 months and 3 years were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Develop-ment, 3rd Edition, and at 4.5 years with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III and the Move-ment Assessment Battery for Children. Cognitive, language, and motor outcomes were categorized as below-average, average, and above-average, and compared across time. Clinical data were analyzed using ANOVA, c2 tests, and linear regression.Results Cognitive and language trajectories were stable from 18 months to 4.5 years for all outcome groups. Mo-tor impairment increased over time, with a greater proportion of children having motor deficits at 4.5 years. Children with below-average cognitive and language outcomes at 4.5 years had more clinical risk factors, greater white mat -ter injury, and lower maternal education. Children with severe motor impairment at 4.5 years were born earlier, had more clinical risk factors, and demonstrated greater white matter injury. Conclusions Children born preterm have stable cognitive and language trajectories, while motor impairment increased at 4.5 years. These results highlight the importance of continued developmental surveillance for children born preterm into preschool age. (J Pediatr 2023;258:113401).