N-waves propagating through the Mars atmosphere

One of the particular interest of the SuperCam microphone onboard the NASA’s Perseverance rover is that it is coupled with its own reproducible sound source, the blast waves generated by the SuperCam laser-induced plasma expansion. This unique emission-reception pair on Mars is used to investigate the propagation of spark-induced N-waves through the turbulent CO2-dominated Mars atmosphere. The analysis of waveforms shows large distortions over a burst of 30 subsequent shots, which is consistent with previous laboratory recordings of N-waves through thermal turbulence. Especially, this distortion leads to a scattering of the peak pressure amplitude, whose distribution can be fitted with a generalized gamma function. For bursts recorded farther than 4 m, the distribution gets asymmetric with a shift of the maximum toward the left of the median due to peaks amplified more than twice the median amplitude, likely due to caustics that randomly focus the acoustic wave. On the other hand, over a Martian year, the absolute peak pressure varies by ∼50% due to changes in the acoustic impedance and Rankine-Hugoniot conditions, due to the seasonal cycles of pressure and temperature at the surface of Mars.