Delayed valley incision due to karst capture (Dema & BULL;nov & PRIME;a Cave System, Western Carpathians, Slovakia)

Karst systems can control the amount of water flowing on the surface and thus the fluvial erosional efficiency. Here, we used the ages of speleothems from the active cave system to determine the middle Pleistocene history of the entrenchment of the Dema & BULL;nov & PRIME;a Valley. By referencing the vertical position of fluvially active and inactive cave passages to the valley bottom, we estimated the deceleration magnitude of the valley incision due to karst drainage through the Dema & BULL;nov & PRIME;a Cave System. The well-developed karst system captures a significant volume of surface water and reduces surface erosion. This, in turn, causes a delay in the incision of the valley drained by the caves in comparison to the downstream positions (below the springs of sinking waters), where river-driven erosion dominates. Karst drainage has reduced the erosional efficiency in the inflow part of the Dema & BULL;nova & PRIME; Valley due to a hydraulic gradient among inputs and outputs of allochthonous waters, mostly during the middle and late Pleistocene. The cave level that contains the active underground segment of the Dema & BULL;novka River, previously dated to similar to 350 ka, definitely existed earlier than 600 ka. The period from approximately 600 to 395 & PLUSMN; 5 kyr ago was characterized by relatively stable conditions with continuous deposition of flowstones, regardless of the climate episodes, including several glacial-interglacial cycles.