An in situ benthic chamber system for improved temporal and spatial resolution measurement of sediment oxygen demand

In shallow coastal systems, sediments are exposed to dramatic and complex variability in environmental conditions that influences sediment processes on short timescales. Sediment oxygen demand (SOD), or consumption of oxygen by sediment-dwelling organisms and chemical reactions within sediments, is one such process and an important metric of aquatic ecosystem functioning and health. The most common instruments used to measure SOD in situ are batch-style benthic chambers, which generally require long measurement periods to resolve fluxes and thus do not capture the high temporal variability in SOD that can be driven by dynamic coastal processes. These techniques also preclude linking changes in SOD through time to specific features of the sediment, for example, shifts in sediment faunal activities which can vary on short time scales and can also be affected by ambient oxygen concentrations. Here we present an in situ semi-flow through instrument to repeatedly measure SOD in discrete areas of sediment. The system isolates patches of sediment in replicate benthic chambers, and measures and records oxygen decrease for a short time before refreshing the overlying water in the chamber with water from the external environment. This results in a sawtooth pattern in which each tooth is an incubation, providing an automated method to produce direct measurements of in situ SOD that can be directly linked to an area of sediment and related to rapid shifts in environmental conditions.