Effector modularity promotes functional diversification and evolutionary processes.

The deadly plant killer Phytophthora contains more than 100 species,which together attack a wide range of host plants to cause failure of crops and forest plants(Kamoun et al.,2015).During the infection,each Phytophthora secrets nu-merous effectors into plant cells to manipulate host cellular processes for successful colonization.How these effectors are evolved to target diverse host proteins and the underlying biochemical mechanisms are key to our understanding of the adaptation of Phytophthora on their host plants.