Fecal Microbiota Transplantation-Mediated Ghrelin Restoration Improves Neurological Functions After Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence from 16S rRNA Sequencing and In Vivo Studies

This study aimed to investigate how gut microbiota dysbiosis impacts the repair of the blood-brain barrier and neurological deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Through 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, we compared the gut microbiota of TBI rats and normal controls, discovering significant differences in abundance, species composition, and ecological function, potentially linked to Ghrelin-mediated brain-gut axis functionality. Further, in vivo experiments showed that fecal microbiota transplantation or Ghrelin injection could block the intracerebral TNF signaling pathway, enhance GLP-1 expression, significantly reduce brain edema post-TBI, promote the repair of the blood-brain barrier, and improve neurological deficits. However, the TNF signaling pathway activation could reverse these beneficial effects. In summary, our research suggests that by restoring the balance of gut microbiota, the levels of Ghrelin can be elevated, leading to the blockade of intracerebral TNF signaling pathway and enhanced GLP-1 expression, thereby mitigating post-TBI blood-brain barrier disruption and neurological injuries.