Mapping the metabolic characteristics of probiotic-fermented Ganoderma lucidum and its protective mechanism against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.

An animal model of Cd-induced kidney damage was designed to investigate the nephroprotective potential of the probiotic-fermented (FGL) metabonomic analysis. The results showed that FGL enhanced sugar and amino acid metabolism. The interaction of (GL) and probiotics efficiently elevated short-chain fatty acid production following gut microbiota fermentation. The current data revealed that the FGL intervention alleviated Cd-induced nephrotoxicity elevating the activity of antioxidant enzymes and decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Based on transcriptome analysis, FGL intervention mediated renal dysfunction decreasing the expressions of , , , and , which were involved in oxidative stress, inflammatory response and the apoptosis process. The current study highlights a new approach for achieving positive nephroprotection natural product intervention.