Life cycle energy and emission analysis of remanufacturing starters for passenger cars

Remanufacturing retired auto parts with high added value can save various resources and provide good environmental benefits. This paper uses GREET2021 software to analyze and calculate the energy consumption of the life cycle, the primary energy consumption in each stage, quantify the emission of greenhouse gas and standard pollutants of a small internal combustion engine (ICE) passenger car with remanufacturing starter, and conducts a comparison study with a small ICE passenger car equipped with a new starter based on life cycle assessment. Results show that a small ICE passenger car with a remanufacturing starter consumes 40 kJ less energy per 100 km, emits 0.2 g less CO 2 , and emits 0.005 g less PM 2.5 and PM 10 than a small ICE passenger car with a new starter. The uncertainty analysis shows the fuel production phase has the highest uncertainty of 67.6% for CO 2 emissions over the life cycle of passenger cars. The sensitivity analysis shows that a small ICE passenger car with remanufacturing starter is less sensitive in terms of life cycle energy consumption, primary energy consumption, and major pollutant emissions.