Cryptosporidium parvum -induced neutrophil extracellular traps in neonatal calves is a stage-independent process.

Using immunofluorescence- and SEM-based analyses, we demonstrate here for the first time that neonate bovine PMN are capable of forming NETs against -sporozoites and oocysts, thus as a stage-independent cell death process. Our data further showed that strongly induces suicidal neonatal NETosis in a P2X1-dependent manner, suggesting anti-cryptosporidial effects not only through firm sporozoite ensnarement and hampered sporozoite excystation, but also via direct exposure to NETs-associated toxic components.