Kinect-based objective assessment for early frailty identification in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Background Frailty is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and increases vulnerability to adverse outcomes. Early detection of this syndrome aids in early intervention. Aims To objectively identify frailty at an early stage during routine motor tasks in PD patients using a Kinect-based system. Methods PD patients were recruited and assessed with the Fried criteria to determine their frailty status. Each participant was recorded performing the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III (MDS-UPDRS III) extremity tasks with a Kinect-based system. Statistically significant kinematic parameters were selected to discriminate the pre-frail from the non-frail group. Results Of the fifty-two participants, twenty were non-frail and thirty-two were pre-frail. Decreased frequency in finger tapping ( P = 0.005), hand grasping ( P = 0.002), toe tapping ( P = 0.002), and leg agility ( P = 0.019) alongside reduced hand grasping speed ( P = 0.030), lifting ( P < 0.001) and falling speed ( P < 0.001) in leg agility were observed in the pre-frail group. Amplitude in leg agility ( P = 0.048) and amplitude decrement rate ( P = 0.046) in hand grasping showed marginally significant differences between two groups. Moderate discriminative values were found in frequency and speed of the extremity tasks to identify pre-frailty with sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) in the range of 45.00–85.00%, 68.75–100%, and 0.701–0.836, respectively. The combination of frequency and speed in extremity tasks showed moderate to high discriminatory ability, with AUC of 0.775 (95% CI 0.637–0.913, P < 0.001) for upper limb tasks and 0.909 (95% CI 0.832–0.987, P < 0.001) for lower limb tasks. When combining these features in both upper and lower limb tasks, the AUC increased to 0.942 (95% CI 0.886–0.999, P < 0.001). Conclusions Our findings demonstrated the promise of utilizing Kinect-based kinematic data from MDS-UPDRS III tasks as early indicators of frailty in PD patients.