Development of assays to support identification and characterization of modulators of DExH-box helicase DHX9

DHX9 is a DExH-box RNA helicase that utilizes hydrolysis of all four nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) to power cycles of 3 ' to 5 ' directional movement to resolve and/or unwind double stranded RNA, DNA, and RNA/DNA hybrids, R-loops, triplex-DNA and G-quadraplexes. DHX9 activity is important for both viral amplification and maintaining genomic stability in cancer cells; therefore, it is a therapeutic target of interest for drug discovery efforts. Biochemical assays measuring ATP hydrolysis and oligonucleotide unwinding for DHX9 have been developed and characterized, and these assays can support high-throughput compound screening efforts under balanced conditions. Assay development efforts revealed DHX9 can use double stranded RNA with 18-mer poly (U) 3 ' overhangs and as well as significantly shorter overhangs at the 5 ' or 3 ' end as substrates. The enzymatic assays are augmented by a robust SPR assay for compound validation. A mechanism-derived inhibitor, GTP gamma S, was characterized as part of the validation of these assays and a crystal structure of GDP bound to cat DHX9 has been solved. In addition to enabling drug discovery efforts for DHX9, these assays may be extrapolated to other RNA helicases providing a valuable toolkit for this important target class.