Cryogenic memory technologies

Cryogenic data storage technology is of use in superconducting single-flux quantum electronics and quantum computing. However, the lack of compatible cryogenic memory technology, which can operate at temperatures of 4 K (or lower), hinders the development of practical and scalable systems. Here we examine the development of cryogenic memory technologies. We explore three areas of memory technology: cryogenic non-superconducting memories (including those based on charge and resistance), superconducting memories (including those based on Josephson junctions, superconducting quantum interference devices and superconducting memristors) and hybrid memories (which use both superconducting and non-superconducting technologies). We consider the key challenges involved in the integration of such memories with single-flux quantum circuits and quantum computers. We also provide a comparison of the capabilities of the different technologies in the context of the requirements of superconducting electronics and quantum computing.