Magnetic nanoparticles in 3D-printed scaffolds for biomedical applications

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have recently attracted considerable attention, mainly due to their unique magnetic properties and biocompatibility. Although MNPs have been extensively studied for biomedical applications, there are still very few studies on them as part of three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds. Thus, this review aims to show the potential of MNPs to modulate various properties of 3D-printed scaffolds. 3D Printing is for itself a contemporary method in biomedicine, owing to its ability to produce versatile scaffolds with complex shapes enabling a homogeneous distribution of cells or other entrapped compounds, as well as possible precise control of pore size and shape, porosity, and interconnectivity of pores that contribute to structural stability. All mentioned properties can be upgraded or complemented with the specific properties of MNPs (e.g., biocompatibility and positive effect on cell proliferation). Considering the latest related literature and a steadily increasing number of related publications, the fabrication of magnetically responsive scaffolds is among the most interesting strategies in tissue engineering. According to the literature, incorporating MNPs into scaffolds can improve their mechanical properties and significantly affect biological properties, such as cellular responses. Moreover, under the influence of an external magnetic field, MNPs significantly promoted cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.