(Pre)diabetes and a higher level of glycaemic measures are continuously associated with corneal neurodegeneration assessed by corneal confocal microscopy: the Maastricht Study

Aims/hypothesis To assess the associations between glucose metabolism status and a range of continuous measures of glycaemia with corneal nerve fibre measures, as assessed using corneal confocal microscopy. Methods We used population-based observational cross-sectional data from the Maastricht Study of N =3471 participants (mean age 59.4 years, 48.4% men, 14.7% with prediabetes, 21.0% with type 2 diabetes) to study the associations, after adjustment for demographic, cardiovascular risk and lifestyle factors, between glucose metabolism status (prediabetes and type 2 diabetes vs normal glucose metabolism) plus measures of glycaemia (fasting plasma glucose, 2 h post-load glucose, HbA 1c , skin autofluorescence [SAF] and duration of diabetes) and composite Z -scores of corneal nerve fibre measures or individual corneal nerve fibre measures (corneal nerve bifurcation density, corneal nerve density, corneal nerve length and fractal dimension). We used linear regression analysis, and, for glucose metabolism status, performed a linear trend analysis. Results After full adjustment, a more adverse glucose metabolism status was associated with a lower composite Z -score for corneal nerve fibre measures ( β coefficients [95% CI], prediabetes vs normal glucose metabolism −0.08 [−0.17, 0.03], type 2 diabetes vs normal glucose metabolism −0.14 [−0.25, −0.04]; linear trend analysis showed a p value of 0.001), and higher levels of measures of glycaemia (fasting plasma glucose, 2 h post-load glucose, HbA 1c , SAF and duration of diabetes) were all significantly associated with a lower composite Z -score for corneal nerve fibre measures (per SD: −0.09 [−0.13, −0.05], −0.07 [−0.11, −0.03], −0.08 [−0.11, −0.04], −0.05 [−0.08, −0.01], −0.09 [−0.17, −0.001], respectively). In general, directionally similar associations were observed for individual corneal nerve fibre measures. Conclusions/interpretation To our knowledge, this is the first population-based study to show that a more adverse glucose metabolism status and higher levels of glycaemic measures were all linearly associated with corneal neurodegeneration after adjustment for an extensive set of potential confounders. Our results indicate that glycaemia-associated corneal neurodegeneration is a continuous process that starts before the onset of type 2 diabetes. Further research is needed to investigate whether early reduction of hyperglycaemia can prevent corneal neurodegeneration. Graphical Abstract