Dopaminergic manipulations affect the modulation and meta-modulation of movement speed: evidence from two pharmacological interventions

A body of research implicates dopamine in the average speed of simple movements. However, naturalistic movements span a range of different shaped trajectories and rarely proceed at a single constant speed; instead, speed is reduced when drawing “ corners ” compared to “ straights ” (i.e., speed-modulation), and the extent of this slowing down is dependent upon the global shape of the movement trajectory (i.e., speed-meta-modulation) – for example whether the shape is an ellipse or a rounded square. By employing two pharmacological intervention studies – individuals with Parkinson’s both ON and OFF dopaminergic medication (N = 32) and members of the general population on a D2 receptor blocker (haloperidol) versus placebo (N = 43) – we implicate dopamine in speed, speed-modulation and speed-meta-modulation. Our findings move beyond vigour models implicating dopamine in average movement speed, and towards a conceptualisation that involves the modulation of speed as a function of contextual information. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.