Review: Reproductive consequences of whole-body adaptations of dairy cattle to heat stress.

Heat stress has far-reaching ramifications for agricultural production and the severity of its impact has increased alongside the growing threats of global warming. Climate change is exacerbating the already-severe consequences of seasonal heat stress and is predicted to cause additional losses in reproductive performance, milk production and overall productivity. Estimated and predicted losses are staggering, and without advancement in production practices during heat stress, these projected losses will threaten the human food supply. This is particularly concerning as the worldwide population and, thus, demand for animal products grows. As such, there is an urgent need for the development of technologies and management strategies capable of improving animal production capacity and efficiency during periods of heat stress. Reproduction is a major component of animal productivity, and subfertility during thermal stress is ultimately the result of both reproductive and whole-body physiological responses to heat stress. Improving reproductive performance during seasonal heat stress requires a thorough understanding of its effects on the reproductive system as well as other physiological systems involved in the whole-body response to elevated ambient temperature. To that end, this review will explore the reproductive repercussions of whole-body consequences of heat stress, including elevated body temperature, altered metabolism and circulating lipopolysaccharide. A comprehensive understanding of the physiological responses to heat stress is a prerequisite for improving fertility, and thus, the overall productivity of dairy cattle experiencing heat stress.